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Spring 2024
Artificial Intelligence and Internet Legal Policy SPRING 2024 SEMESTER—Artificial Intelligence and Internet Legal Policy - Emerging Law and Policy Changes - 2 cr. Thursday 3:55 pm to 5:50 pm
Description: This course will examine the claim that artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet are so different from matter addressed by traditional law that new and additional statutory policy is required. Focusing on Internet and AI content the class will address the following legal questions: Are AI and Internet transactions so substantially new that is requires changing traditional laws and / or legal procedures? Can existing telecommunications laws, publishing laws, and broadcasting laws properly govern AI and Internet transactions? What legal policy and procedures should be alternated to facilitate the governance AI and Internet transactions and yield acceptable results when Internet difficulties arise? Which AI and Internet legal difficulties might be best addressed through reforms in statutes? This course will cover novel legal and legislative policy issues associated with the creation and use of AI and Internet content from the perspective of both governmental and non-governmental entities. Key doctrinal areas of inquiry include legal persons, intellectual property, tort and criminal liability, as well as the legal ethics associated with each. Course requirements include group coursework, a class presentation and a final paper. No final examination. Final work product due in class on April 25,2023.
I January 18 Let’s get Technical: Is AI law and Internet law different from matter addressed by traditional law? If so, what are the statutory policy implications? II January 25 Laws and Legislation: Review element of statute drafting, associated policies and processes III February 1 Policy Implementation: economic, social and international policy associated with AI and Internet using case law and statues IV February 8 Using Existing Law: Application of existing telecom laws, publishing laws, and broadcasting laws properly govern AI and Internet transactions. V February 15 Modifying Existing Law: What legal policy and procedures should be adopted to facilitate the governance AI and Internet transactions when AI and Internet difficulties arise? VI February 22 New Law: Novel litigation, legislation and business practices associated with s AI and Internet legal difficulties. VII February 29 Intellectual Property: Unique Internet characteristics warrant special treatment for AI and Internet intellectual property. VIII March 7 Speech: Unique AI and Internet characteristics warrant special treatment the First Amendment (governmental) and defamation (non-governmental). IX March 21 Privacy: Special AI and Internet legal difficulties related to privacy. X March 28 International Law: Special AI and Internet legal difficulties best addressed via treaties. XI April 4 Contracts: AI and Internet legal difficulties best addressed through new statutes and novel private agreements. XII April 11 Litigation: Civil and criminal procedural changes required for AI and Internet litigation. XIII April 18 Group and Individual Class presentations and Special Topics XIV April 25 Group and Individual Class presentations and Special Topics . FINAL WORK PRODUCT DUE I January 18 Let’s get Technical: Is Artificial intelligence (AI) law and Internet law different from matter addressed by traditional law? If so, what are the statutory policy implications?
A. How Internet works -- See Let's Get Technical - (Course Materials 1) "Why Should the Internet be any Different?'' PACE Law Review, Fall 1998 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/Why_should_the_internet..htm (Please note: the full text of all articles may be found on Bicklaw.com)
B. How AI works “Who's Responsible for an Artificial Intelligence's Unlawful Acts?” June 01, 2023 New Jersey Law Journal https://bicklaw.com/ResponsibleforAIbadacts.htm
C. State / Private response options
State ---"e-HIPAA” New Jersey Law Journal May 27, 2002 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-HIPAA.htm
Private --- “E- Civil Rights“ New Jersey Law Journal August 3, 2007 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/E-CivilRights.htm
D. Legal / Business / Technical Solutions
Legal ---- “Spam Class Action” New Jersey Law Journal May 5, 2003 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/spam_class_action.htm
Business ---- “e-Commerce Insurance” New Jersey Law Journal August 19, 2002 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-commerce_insurance.htm
Technical ---- “E-Self Help” New Jersey Law Journal September 30, 2002 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-self_help.htm
E. Different kind of Property Right “Legal Issues ….Tangible Assets Acquire Internet Ids” Nov 01, 2021 New Jersey Law Journal https://bicklaw.com/Publications/LegalIssuesAriseasTangibleAssetsAcquireInternetIdentities.htm
“Different Kind of Property Right” New Jersey Law Journal August 8, 2005 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/InternetAssets.htm
F. Ethics Malpractice and Ethical E-Commerce Difficulties for the Unwary February 13, 2023 New Jersey Law Journal https://bicklaw.com/Publications/MalpracticeandEthicalE-Commerce.htm
Bogus' Cases and Confidential Data: How Artificial Intelligence Tests Legal Ethics New Jersey Law Journal July 31, 2023 https://bicklaw.com/Publications/BogusAICasetestsethics.htm
II January 25 Laws and Legislation: Review element of statute drafting, associated policies and processes
A. Types of Law – statutory, common, administrative, international
B. Statutory Construction Ordinary and Specialized Meaning Terms of art Ordinary meaning and dictionary definitions Statutory Language Not to be Construed as “Mere Surplusage” Same Phrasing in Same or Related Statutes Different Phrasings in Same Statute Statutory Silence De Minimis Principle Overriding Presumptions Nationwide Application of Federal Law Waiver of Sovereign Immunity Non-retroactivity / Effective Date Avoidance of Constitutional Issues Extraterritorial Application Disfavored Judicial Review of Administrative Action Deference to Administrative Interpretation Repeals by Implication Remedial Statutes Preambles (“Whereas Clauses”) Findings and Purposes Sections “Notwithstanding Any Other Provision of Law” Implied Private Right of Action Incorporation by Reference Severability Legislative History Plain Meaning Rule Uses of Legislative History Subsequent legislation Signing Statements
C. Application of Existing Law to Internet Transactions "Implementing e-Commerce Tax Policy" Harvard Journal of Law & Technology Harvard Law School, Summer 2000, Volume 13, Number 3 Harv. J. Law & Tec 597 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-commerce_tax_policy.htm
"Americans with Disabilities Act and the Internet" Albany Law Journal of Science & Technology, Spring 2000 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/ADA.htm
III February 1 Policy Implementation: economic, social and international policy associated with AI and Internet using case law and statues
A. Economic policy “Server Awareness Generates Internet Personal Jurisdiction” December 27, 2022 New Jersey Law Journal https://www.bicklaw.com/ServerAwarenessYieldsJurisdiction.htm
”Artificial Intelligence and Deepfake Liability” June 20, 2023 New Jersey Law Journal https://www.bicklaw.com/AIDeepfake.htm
B. Social policy “Digital Divide” NATOA Journal of Municipal Telecommunication Policy December 2000 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/Digital_divide.htm
“Integrating Trans-Atlantic Internet Medical Law” February 4, 2013 New Jersey Law Journal https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/IntegratingTrans-AtlanticInternetMedicalLaw.htm
“How AI is creating a 'Wild West' “ Yahoo Finance Tue, May 16, 2023 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/AIWildWest.htm
C. International policy Issues - Law Application to United States Transactions and vise versa “International Internet Law Suffers Growing Pains” January 6, 2014 New Jersey Law Journal https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/E-growningpains.htm
"The Americanization of E-Commerce Law" New Jersey Law Journal November 30, 2007 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/AmericanizatonE-Commerce.htm
“International Internet Law” New Jersey Law Journal January 1,2007 https://www.bicklaw.com/InternationalInternetLaw.htm
“International e-Law” Cisco iQ Web Site Magazine October 26, 2001 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/International_e-Law.htm
POLICY ISSUES French Court Blocks Rating of Teachers Online (Source: Reuters 3/08) A French court ruled that a popular Web site can no longer let pupils name and shame teachers. New Zealand Teen Charged in Global Hacking Case (Wash. Post 3/08) A New Zealand teenager allegedly at the center of an international cybercrime network Owen Thor Walker, 18, was charged with two counts of accessing a computer for dishonest purpose, Yahoo Sued Again in Chinese Dissident E-mail Case (Source: InfoWorld 3/08) Yahoo sued by Chinese dissidents claiming the company aided Chinese authorities by handing over e-mails and other electronic communications that ended up landing one plaintiff in jail. … filed by in the U.S. District Court of Northern California, seeks damages for their suffering at the hands of Chinese officials after Yahoo and Yahoo Hong Kong allegedly provided access to e-mails, e-mail records, and user identification information and other data to authorities in China. IV February 8 Using Existing Law: Application of existing telecom laws, publishing laws, and broadcasting laws properly govern AI and Internet transactions.
A Telecommunications laws “Emerging Internet Tele Medicine Issues" Internet Law and Strategy April 2008; https://www.bicklaw.com/Telemed.htm
“E-Telephone Privacy" Internet Law & Strategy; https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-phone.htm
US federal and state regulators, including the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
B. Publishing laws "Blogs Afforded Unequal Protection" New Jersey Law Journal January 14, 2008; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/Blog.htm
"Protecting Bloggers from Liability" New Jersey Law Journal September 26, 2011; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/ProtectingBloggers.htm
"Anonymous Versus Fraudulent Internet Speech" New Jersey Law Journal September 12, 2012 http://www.bicklaw.com/speechandfraud.htm
"Monitoring Employee Internet Use" New Jersey Law Journal February 25, 2008 http://www.bicklaw.com/MonitorInternetUse.htm
“I-publications” New Jersey Law Journal October 28, 2002 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/i-publications.htm
“E-publicatons” New Jersey Law Journal, November 20, 2000 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-Pubications.htm
POLICY ISSUE - Publishers Drop Digital Rights Controls on Audio Books ( NYT 3/08) Some of the largest book publishers in the world are stripping away the anti-copying software on digital downloads of audio books. The trend will allow consumers who download audio books to freely transfer these digital files between devices like their computers, iPods and cell phones -- and conceivably share them with others.
C. Broadcasting laws
“E-Broadcast” New Jersey Law Journal July 22, 200; https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-broadcast.htm
V February 15 Modifying Existing Law: What legal policy and procedures should be adopted to facilitate the governance AI and Internet transactions when AI and Internet difficulties arise?
A. Who drafts Internet legislation
B. Function of an Internet legislation drafter
C. Compare public law to private law for Internet purposes “Dealing with Common Amazon Seller Legal Issues” New Jersey Law Journal August 29, 2022 https://www.bicklaw.com/Amazonresponseoptions.htm
“E-Drop Shipping Alters Seller’s Legal Liabilities” New Jersey Law Journal January 20, 2023 https://www.bicklaw.com/E-dropship.htm
D. legal issues per se, including cybercrime, intellectual property rights, data protection, privacy rights, and consumer rights; “Fact, Fiction or Privacy Infringement: Artificial Intelligence and Deepfake Liability” June 20, 2023 New jersey Law Journal https://www.bicklaw.com/AIDeepfake.htm
“Some States Criminalize Internet Identity Theft” New Jersey Law Journal Nov. 18, 2013 https://www.bicklaw.com/SomeStatesCriminalizeInternetIdentityTheft.htm
“The Internet of Things Likely Triggers NJ Privacy Violations” December 12, 2022 New Jersey Law Journal https://www.bicklaw.com/IoTprivacyviolation.htm
“Big Data Rights Protection Found in Internet Copyright Law” New Jersey Law Journal April 15, 2015 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/BigData.htm
E. legal mechanisms for addressing Internet governance issues, including self-regulation, international treaties, and jurisdiction. “Server Awareness Generates Internet Personal Jurisdiction” December 27, 2022 New Jersey Law Journal https://www.bicklaw.com/ServerAwarenessYieldsJurisdiction.htm
F. Radio Regulations and International Telecommunication Regulations
G. Recommendations related to Internet governance mechanisms 1. Forum function 2. Global public policy and oversight 3. Institutional coordination. 4. Regional and national coordination
H. Identifying public policy issues that are relevant to Internet governance and assessing the adequacy of existing governance arrangements
VI February 22 New Law: Novel legislation, litigation and business practices associated with s AI and Internet legal difficulties
A. legislation associated with uniquely Internet legal difficulties 1. Can Spam Act "Dual Use Spam" New Jersey Law Journal May 8, 2006; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/DualUseSpam.htm 2. E-signature Act “Lawful Viable E-Signature Options” New Jersey Law Journal June 7, 2004 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/Viable_e-signature.htm 3. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) -- DMCA implements two 1996 WIPO treaties-- criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services that are used to circumvent measures that control access to copyrighted works--- criminalizes the act of circumventing an access control, even when there is no infringement of copyright itself. Terse Guide to the e-Application of the Digital Millennium Copyright ActRutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal, June 2001; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/DMCA_Guide.htm 4. Special legislation for domain name abuses arbitrations under the ICANN UDRP rules federal Anti-cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act E. This Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the "Policy") - adopted by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ("ICANN"), incorporated into Registration Agreement --- See domain name cases http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/cases/all.html Bakers Delight Holdings Ltd v. Andrew Austin Case No. D2008-0006- (Course Materials 2) or http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisions/html/2008/d2008-0006.html B. Private law - 1. Minimum Advertised Price Agreements "Coordinating Traditional and Internet Sales" New Jersey Law Journal May 28, 2007 http://www.bicklaw.com/coordinating.htm 2. Terms of use agreements
C. Civil and Criminal Workplace legal action Internet Harassment in the Workplace: Civil and Criminal Legal Actions Possible November 15, 2022 New Jersey Law Journal https://bicklaw.com/InternetHarassementintheWorkplace.htm VII February 29 Intellectual Property: Unique Internet characteristics warrant special treatment for AI and Internet intellectual property. A. IP use "E-Commerce Sellers Should be Preemptive to Mitigate Effects of Account Suspensions for IP Infringement Cybersecurity Law & Strategy Journal May 2022 " https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/Suspendduetoinfringement.htm
"The Maturing Nature of e-Intellectual Property Legal Services" New Jersey Law Journal November 12, 2012; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/newservice.htm
"Internet-Based Franchise Encroachment Runs Rampant" New Jersey Law Journal December 20, 2010 http://www.bicklaw.com/e-Franchiseproblems.htm
"Lawful Use of Internet Keywords" New Jersey Law Journal April 10, 2006; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/LawfulUseofInternetKeywords.htm
B. Internet / AI Patents "Five Ways to Make Your Internet Idea Patentable" New Jersey Business June 2019 http://www.bicklaw.com/Internetpatent.htm;
C. Internet / AI Trademark Involuntary transfer of domain name due to trademark filing Licensing -- Licensing Domain Name New York Law Journal, August 24, 1999 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/License_domain_Name.htm
Internet Trademark legislation --- Lockheed Martin Corp. v. Network Solutions, Inc., 985 F. Supp. 949 (1997) - NSI did not "use" the plaintiff’s trademark, as required for direct-infringer liability, by merely registering the mark as a domain name and NSI’s conduct did not qualify as contributory infringement, even though it knew of Lockheed’s claims that the domain names were infringing.
D. Internet / AI Copyright . Internet Content Rights Arise Upon Publication New Jersey Law Journal January 14, 2021 http://www.bicklaw.com/InternetContentRights.htm
"Copyright Law Protects Big Data" Internet Law and Strategy, May 5, 2015 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/BigData.htm
“Internet Copyright Troll" Internet Law & Strategy Volume 21, Number 2 • November 2014 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/InternetCopyrightTrolls.htm
E. Ethics “Using Ethic Rules in Malpractice Proceedings to Protect Confidential Intellectual Property” January 08, 2020 New Jersey Law Journal http://bicklaw.com/Publications/eithics.htm
VIII March 7 Speech: Unique AI and Internet characteristics warrant special treatment the First Amendment (governmental) and defamation (non-governmental).
1. " Bogus' Cases and Confidential Data: How Artificial Intelligence Tests Legal Ethics" New Jersey Law Journal July 31, 2023 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/BogusAICasetestsethics.htm
2. "Cloud Content Is Copyright Protected; But Its Providers Are Not" New Jersey Law Journal July 27, 2015 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/CloudContentIsCopyrightProtected.htm
3. “Old vs. New: Bloggers Want Same Rights as Mass Media" New Jersey Law Journal August 22, 2013; http://bicklaw.com/oldblogers.htm
4. "Surfing at the Library Could Get Less Restrictive" New Jersey Law Journal January 30, 2006; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/PublicLibraryInternet.htm
5. American Libraries Ass'n v. Pataki, 969 F. Supp. 160 (S.D.N.Y. June 20, 1997).
6. “Political Spam” New Jersey Law Journal February 7, 2005 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/PoliticalSpam.htm
7. “E-Broadcast” New Jersey Law Journal July 22, 2003 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-broadcast.htm
8. Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844 (U.S., 1997) The Supreme Court has rejected attempts to extend the broadcast regime to the Internet.
9. "Protecting Bloggers from Liability" New Jersey Law Journal September 26, 2011; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/ProtectingBloggers.htm
10. “Federal Trade Commission Regulates Blogging" New Jersey Law Journal November 30, 2009; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/bloggers-ftc.htm; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/ProtectingBloggers.htm
11. Business speech -- Internet Employment Termination Lawful and Routine New Jersey Law Journal May 5, 2021 https://bicklaw.com/E-termination.htm
12. “Copyright Law Change Endangers Internet Sites” New Jersey Law Journal December 26, 2016 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/CopyrightLawChangeEndangersInternetSites.htm
IX March 21 Privacy: Special AI and Internet legal difficulties related to privacy. A. "ISP Access to E-mail Content: Not Invasion of Privacy" New Jersey Law Journal, November 9, 2011 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/ISPAccess.htm B Electronic Surveillance and the Need for Strong Privacy Protections 1. The Legal Framework 2. Erosion of the Wiretap Laws' Protective Scheme 3. Enhancements in Government Surveillance C. Technological Trends Affect Privacy and Law Enforcement - DOE suits "Download Enforcers May Be Singing New Tune" New Jersey Law Journal" July 16, 2007 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/RIAAEnforcement.htm "The Recording Industry Association of America Sues Its Members' Customers” New Jersey Law Journal November 3, 2003 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/RIAA_Suits.htm D. Protecting "Papers" in Cyberspace - The Internet and the Fourth Amendment E. Preserving Government Surveillance Capabilities While Protecting Privacy And Encouraging Technological Innovation 1. Congress' Legislative Mandate for Surveillance Features Was Premised on the Effective Enforcement of Strict Privacy Protections 2. The Role of Congress and the FCC in Ensuring Balanced Implementation of CALEA 3. CALEA as an Exercise in Control and Accountability F. Realizing the Privacy- Enhancing Potential of Encryption Technology G. First Amendment Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 117 S. Ct. 2329 (1997). In 1996, Congress passed the Communications Decency Act in attempt to curtail "indecent" and "patently offensive" speech on the Internet. H. Specific issues "Blogs Afforded Unequal Protection" New Jersey Law Journal January 14, 2008; https://bicklaw.com/Publications/Blog.htm "E-Telephone Privacy" Internet Law & Strategy Volume 5, Number 12 December 2007; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-phone.htm X March 28 International Law: Special AI and Internet legal difficulties best addressed via treaties A. International agreements 1. unilateral 2. bilateral 3. treaties B Issues 1. "International Internet Law Suffers Growing Pains" New Jersey Law Journal January 6, 2015; http://bicklaw.com/Publications/E-growningpains.htm
2. "Integrating Trans-Atlantic Internet Medical Law" New Jersey Law Journal February 4, 2013; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/IntegratingTrans-AtlanticInternetMedicalLaw.htm
3. Protecting Domestic E-Commerce" May 31, 2010 New Jersey Law Journal http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-import.htm
4. "Overseas Courts Limit American Internet Speech" New Jersey Law Journal July 3, 2006; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/OverseasCourtsLimitAmericanE-Speech.htm
5. Export Controls
6. Import Controls 7. Europe / Asia / America
8 Speech In Dow Jones & Co. v. Gutnick, Australia High Court [2002] H.C.A. 56 The Australian High Court held that Australian courts have jurisdiction over a claim of defamation based on material that was placed on the Internet outside of Australian borders. http://www.securitymana gement.com library/Dow_Gutnick0403.pdf#search='Dow%20Jones%20&%20 Co.%20v.%20Gutnick' (last visited 8/1/05)
XI April 4 Contracts: AI and Internet legal difficulties best addressed through new statutes and novel private agreements.
A. Application of traditional law to Internet agreements “Dealing with Common Amazon Seller Legal Issues” New Jersey Law Journal August 29, 2022 https://bicklaw.com/Amazonresponseoptions.htm
Internet Document Access May Justify Additional Settlement Clause New Jersey Law Journal June 17, 2021 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/InternetDocAccess.htm
Contract and Tort Law (Not Property) Are Required for Blockchain Property Transactions June 07, 2018 New Jersey Law Journal http://www.bicklaw.com/Contractandtortlawforblockchainproperty.htm
All Digital Assets are Not Legally Equivalent New Jersey Law Journal October 2, 2017 http://www.bicklaw.com/Internetassets.htm
Are 'Smart Contracts' Smart Enough? -- Certain legal functions can be automated, particularly with the use of block chains http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/AreSmartContractsSmartEnough.htm New Jersey Law Journal August 14, 2017
Unconscionable terms prevent enforcement of e-commerce contract clauses New Jersey Law Journal June 2, 2008; https://bicklaw.com/Publications/UnconscionableTermsandE-contracts.htm
B. Authentication of signatures
C. Electronic signature statutes Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act Uniform Electronic Transaction Act
Viable E-signature Options http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/Viable_e-signature.htm
D. Elements of an electronic agreement
F. Clickwrap
Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd. 655 F. Supp. 750 (E.D. La. 1987), aff'd, 847 F.2d 255 (5th Cir. 1988) See http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/ilaw/Contract/vault.htm.
XII April 11 Litigation: Civil and criminal procedural changes required for AI and Internet litigation.
A. "Applying Technology to the Business of Health Care" New Jersey Law Journal April 30, 2012 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/E-BusinessofHealthcare.htm
B. "The Internet and Immigration" New Jersey Law Journal June 27, 2011; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-Immigration.htm
C. "Internet Crime and the Elderly" New Jersey Law Journal August 1, 2011 http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/e-Elderlaw.htm
D. "Applying Nuisance Law to Internet Bad Acts, New Jersey Law Journal May 2, 2011; http://www.bicklaw.com/NuisanceLaw.htm
E. "Advances in Internet User Tracking Technology Yield New Privacy Violation Claims" New Jersey Law Journal February 21, 201; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/tracking.htm
F. "Internet-Based Franchise Encroachment Runs Rampant" New Jersey Law Journal December 20, 2010;” http://www.bicklaw.com/e-Franchiseproblems.htm
G. . Preparing for and Responding to E-commerce Infringement Claim Suspensions" New Jersey Law Journal April 25, 2022 https://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/Suspendduetoinfringement.htm
H. "Abusive Social Networking Can Yield IP Infringement" New Jersey Law Journal September 24, 2010; http://www.bicklaw.com/Publications/Abuse.htm
I. Tactics "Identifying Unnamed Online Speakers Just Got Easier" New Jersey Law Journal May 13, 2013; http://www.bicklaw.com/IDE-speakers.htm
"Anonymous Versus Fraudulent Internet Speech" New Jersey Law Journal September 12, 2012; http://www.bicklaw.com/speechandfraud.htm
“Combating Gripe Site Difficulties" New Jersey Law Journal February 25, 2015 http://www.bicklaw.com/Gripesite.htm
XIII April 18 Group and Individual Class presentations and Special Topics
A. EBay Criticizes "Organized" Attacks in Romania ( CNET News.com 3/08) eBay is decrying the lack of interest in cyber crime by authorities in countries such as Romania, Russia, and China. The online auction site pinpoints these three countries as the source of the majority of phishing e-mails that target eBay users for personal and account details.
B. People v. Fernino, — N.Y.S.2d —-, 2008 WL 382348 (Ct. February 13, 2008) New York family court, required that defendant Fernino have no contact with a certain Delgrosso. After Fernino added Delgrosso as a “friend” on MySpace, she was charged with contempt of court for allegedly violating the order of protection. Fernino moved to dismiss the criminal complaint against her, arguing that even if the allegations were true, the purported “contact” through “friending” Degrosso would not support a conviction on the charges. The court denied the motion to dismiss.
C. Atlas Copco AB v. Atlascopcoiran.com, No. 07-1208, 2008 WL 149128 (January 8, 2008) Due to overseas registrants of domain names,(atlascaspian.com and atlascopcoiran.com) plaintiff Atlas Copco AB sought in rem relief against the domain names under 15 U.S.C. §1125(d)(2)(a). -- defendants failed to answer and Atlas Copco moved for summary judgment, relying on the allegations of its verified complaint. The court granted the motion and ordered the domain names transferred.
D. Group and Individual Class presentations and Special Topics (10 minutes each) … peer critique -- Group I
XIV April 25 Group and Individual Class presentations and Special Topics . FINAL WORK PRODUCT DUE
A. Group and Individual Class presentations and Special Topics (10 minutes each) … peer critique -- Group II Deliver paper copy of final work product
B. Special Topic Continued Prosecutors Subpoena Records from JuicyCampus.com (Source: USA Today 3/08) New Jersey prosecutors have subpoenaed records of JuicyCampus.com, a website that publishes anonymous, often malicious gossip about college students. Language on the site ranges from catty to hateful and offensive.
WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center ADMINISTRATIVE PANEL DECISION Bakers Delight Holdings Ltd v. Andrew Austin Case No. D2008-0006 1. The Parties The Complainant is Bakers Delight Holdings Ltd, Victoria, Australia, represented by Melbourne IT CBS, Ltd, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Respondent is Andrew Austin, Queensland, Australia. 2. The Domain Name and Registrar The disputed domain name <bakersdelightlies.com> is registered with Allindomains, LLC. 3. Procedural History The Complaint was filed with the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center (the “Center”) on January 2, 2008. An amended electronic Complaint was filed on January 14, 2008. On January 3, 2008, the Center transmitted by email to Allindomains, LLC a request for registrar verification in connection with the domain name at issue. On January 7, 2008, Allindomains, LLC transmitted by email to the Center its verification response confirming that the Respondent is listed as the registrant and providing the contact details. The Center verified that the Complaint together with the amendment to the Complaint satisfied the formal requirements of the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the “Policy”), the Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the “Rules”), and the WIPO Supplemental Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the “Supplemental Rules”). In accordance with the Rules, paragraphs 2(a) and 4(a), the Center formally notified the Respondent of the Complaint, and the proceedings commenced on January 14, 2008. In accordance with the Rules, paragraph 5(a), the due date for Response was February 3, 2008. The Respondent did not submit any formal response. The Center appointed John Swinson as the sole panelist in this matter on February 11, 2008. The Panel finds that it was properly constituted. The Panel has submitted the Statement of Acceptance and Declaration of Impartiality and Independence, as required by the Center to ensure compliance with the Rules, paragraph 7. On January 28, 2008, and January 30, 2008, the Complainant sent an email to the Center advising that a copy of the complaint had been published on the disputed domain name website. The Center invited the Respondent at the Complainant’s request to remove the complaint from the website pending the outcome of this dispute. On January 31, 2008, the Respondent sent an email to the Center advising that the complaint had been removed. 4. Factual Background The Complainant is an Australian owned company established 27 years ago. The Complainant operates a bakery franchise, where (according to the Complainant’s website), 90% of its bakeries are franchised and 10% are company owned. The Complainant has over 600 bakeries in Australia and over 30 in New Zealand. The Complainant also operates bakeries in the United States and Canada, trading under a different name (COBS Bread). The Complainant operates a website at “www.bakersdelight.com.au”. The Respondent is an individual residing in Queensland, Australia. The Respondent used to be a franchisee of the Complainant. The Respondent uses the disputed domain name to attack the Complainant, and in particular their treatment of franchisees. According to the whoIs record, the disputed domain name was created on June 22, 2007. 5. Parties’ Contentions A. Complainant The Complainant makes the following contentions: The Complainant has registered several trademarks in Australia for BAKERS DELIGHT. This trademark is a well known brand in Australia, as the Complainant is the world’s largest franchise bakery, with over 700 bakeries across four countries, and serving 2,500,000 customers each week. The disputed domain name is confusingly similar to the Complainant’s trademarks. The content of the disputed domain name website demonstrates that the Respondent is aware of the Complainant’s trademark. While the Respondent can publicly criticize the Complainant, under the Policy the Respondent cannot use a domain name which is identical or confusingly similar to the Complainant’s trademark to do so. This is because a member of the public viewing the disputed domain name will think that it leads to a website endorsed by the Complainant. The similarity between the disputed domain name is obvious and could confuse Internet users, particularly because the Respondent is using the registered logo of the Complainant in the content of the website. The Respondent does not appear to be the owner of any trademark registration or intellectual property rights of the terms “bakers” or “delight”. Nor has the Respondent been known by these terms. A Google search of “bakers delight” does not return any results relating to the Respondent. The Respondent was not working for the Complainant at the time he registered the disputed domain name, and therefore has no rights or a legitimate interest in the disputed domain name through a franchisee agreement. Once the disputed domain name is found to be identical or confusingly similar to the Complainant’s trademark, the name cannot qualify as being used for “legitimate” or “fair use” purposes, even if the website is truly a criticism site which does not seek to divert custom from or tarnish the Complainant. By using the “.com” domain, the Respondent implied that he wanted to make commercial use of the disputed domain name as opposed to creating a group comment site, for which he should have used the “.org” domain. In November 2007, the Complainant sent a cease and desist letter to the Respondent advising that the disputed domain name was infringing the Complainant’s intellectual property rights, but the Respondent did not respond. The Respondent is tarnishing the reputation of the Complainant by treating as fact some elements that the Complainant can prove are wrong. The disputed domain name website is causing problems for the Complainant. This can be seen from visitor’s comments that they are discouraged from entering into a franchise because of the content of the website (where those visitors have had no prior experience with the Complainant). Bad faith can be proved because the Respondent is attracting Internet users with a confusingly similar domain name to the Complainant’s trademarks, in circumstances where the Respondent has acknowledged the existence of the trademark prior to registration of the disputed domain name. The Respondent is also disrupting the Complainant’s business due to the content on the website, and has failed to respond to the Complainant’s attempts to contact him. The Respondent is also infringing the Complainant’s trademark and copyright rights, and has abused the prior relationship between the parties. B. Respondent The Respondent did not make any formal reply to the Complainant’s contentions. However, in his email of January 31, 2008, the Respondent noted that the reason he posted the complaint on the disputed domain name website was to seek advice from the public regarding the complaint, as he could not obtain legal advice. The Respondent stated that there was no commercial motivation behind his website, and he used it as an outlet where he could share his experiences with the Complainant. 6. Discussion and Findings In order to succeed on its claim, the Complainant must show that all the elements set out in paragraph 4(a) of the Policy have been satisfied. The burden of proof is on the Complainant to show: (i) the disputed domain names are identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the Complainant has rights; and (ii) the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain names; and (iii) the disputed domain names have been registered and are being used by the Respondent in bad faith. A. Identical or Confusingly Similar The Complainant has registered several trademarks in Australia which contain the words “Bakers Delight”. The earliest registered marks are two BAKERS DELIGHT word and image marks (trademark registration numbers 588440 and 588441), both registered from October 14, 1992. The Complainant clearly has registered trademark rights in BAKERS DELIGHT. The BAKERS DELIGHT brand is well-known throughout Queensland and Australia. The Complainant makes a simple assertion that the disputed domain name is confusingly similar to the Complainant’s trademarks, but does not support this statement. The disputed domain name does contain the Complainant’s entire trademark. However, it also contains at the end the word “lies”. The disputed domain name therefore appears to fall within the category of so-called “sucks” cases (where a trademark is joined with a negative term). Panels dealing with “sucks” cases have found that a domain name can be confusingly similar to the trademark for various reasons, including because the domain name contains a trademark and a dictionary or generic word; or because the disputed domain name is highly similar to the trademark; or because the domain name may not be recognized as negative. This view (that “sucks” domain names are confusingly similar to the trademark) is the majority view of previous panels. However, in some instances, previous panels have found that these type of domain names are not confusingly similar, because it is obvious to Internet users that the Complainant would not use a domain name which consists of its trademark and a derogatory term. As noted in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Richard MacLeod d/b/a For Sale, WIPO Case No. D2000-0662, the Panel in that case considered that “the fame of a mark does not always mean that consumers will associate all use of the mark with the mark’s owner. No reasonable speaker of modern English would find it likely that Wal-Mart would identify itself using wal-martsucks.com”. However, while Internet users may not be confused as the source of the disputed domain name under the majority view, the trademark and disputed domain name can still be confusingly similar when directly compared. In the Panel’s opinion, even if one were to approach the issue from a minority perspective “sucks” is a more forceful, obvious and derogatory term than the term “lies”. It is not obvious from looking at the disputed domain name that the Respondent is attacking the Complainant. For example, if the “l” in “lies” were not seen (which is quite possible given the length of the name), the disputed domain name would read “bakersdelighties” which is not offensive at all. “Lies” is also a common, everyday dictionary word which does not necessarily have an offensive meaning, whereas “sucks” is slang and in the majority of cases, insulting. As Internet users may not immediately recognize the disputed domain name as involving negative connotations, and because the “lies” component (when added to the much larger term of “bakersdelight”) is not the most prominent or obvious feature of the name, the Panel would have little hesitation in finding even under the minority view that the disputed domain name is confusingly similar to the Complainant’s trademark. In any event, applying the majority view the Panel finds the disputed domain name to be confusingly similar to the BAKERS DELIGHT mark. The Panel agrees with previous decisions which note that a finding of confusing similarity in the first element is not fatal for true protest sites, as the “legitimate interest” and “bad faith” factors should afford adequate protection to the Respondent, especially as the Complainant retains the burden of proof on each factor. B. Rights or Legitimate Interests Under paragraph 4(a)(ii) of the Policy, the Complainant has the burden of establishing that the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain name. However the Complainant is only required to make out an initial prima facie case. Once that prima facie case is made, the Respondent carries the burden of demonstrating rights or legitimate interests. The Respondent may establish rights or legitimate interests by demonstrating any of the elements in Paragraph 4(c) of the Policy including: (iii) the Respondent is making a legitimate non-commercial or fair use of the disputed domain names, without intent for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark or service mark at issue. As stated in Mission KwaSizabantu v. Benjamin Rost, WIPO Case No. D2000-0279, there are four elements to succeeding under this limb: 1. The Respondent’s use must be legitimate noncommercial or fair use 2. The use must be without intent for commercial gain 3. The use must be without intent to misleadingly divert consumers; and 4. The use must be without intent to tarnish the trademark of the complainant. While the Respondent has made no formal reply, his email of January 31, 2008 alludes to paragraph 4(c)(iii), by stating that his website is a non-commercial site which he uses to vent his frustration with the Complainant. The Respondent is a former franchisee of the Complainant, and his complaints on the website are related to his treatment as a franchisee. Is there a prima facie case? The Respondent does not appear to own any trademark or service mark rights in “bakers”, “delight” or “bakersdelight”, or be known by any of those terms. While the Respondent used to be a franchisee of the Complainant and may have had a right to use the “bakersdelight” name at a particular time (when a franchise agreement was in place), he was no longer a franchisee at the time he registered the disputed domain name. Accordingly the Panel finds that the Respondent deliberately chose a domain name which is confusingly similar to the Complainant’s trademark, and which he is using without the Complainant’s permission. The Complainant has therefore established a prima facie case that the Respondent does not have any rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain name. Does the Respondent have rights or legitimate interests? The next question is whether the Respondent is using the disputed domain name as a genuine criticism site, and if so, whether that gives him rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain name (see Chubb Security Australia PTY Ltd v. Mr. Shahim Tahmasebi, WIPO Case No. D2007-0769). In the complaint, the Complainant asserts that once a disputed domain name is found to be identical or confusingly similar to the Complainant’s trademark, the name cannot be used for legitimate or fair use purposes, even if the website is truly a criticism site. While this is one view taken by previous panels (see for example, Estée Lauder Inc. v. estelauder.com, estelauder.net and Jeff Hanna, WIPO Case No. D2000-0869), it is not the only, or in this case necessarily correct view. As noted in Legal & General Group Plc v. Image Plus, WIPO Case No. D2002-1019, there are two conflicting approaches taken by Panels as to whether a domain name which is confusingly similar to a trademark, can generate rights or legitimate interests. These opposing views and references to supporting panel decisions are comprehensively set out in Chubb Security. The Complainant relies on the prior decision of Covance, Inc. and Covance Laboratories Ltd. v. The Covance Campaign, WIPO Case No. D2004-0206. However, that decision does not support the Complainant in the circumstances of this dispute. That decision concerned the domain name <covancecampaign.com> for a criticism website, and it was decided that: “upon consideration of the degree of initial confusion arising from use of the Disputed Domain Name coupled with the very limited potential for the public to be misled in the actual circumstances of use, the Panel finds that the Respondent is making a legitimate non-commercial or fair use of the Domain Name for the purposes of the first limb of paragraph 4(c)(iii) of the Policy.” The respected panelist in that case also stated: “The overriding purpose of the Policy is to prevent cybersquatting in favour of legitimate trademark owners but in doing so paragraph 4(c)(iii) of the policy clearly seeks to balance the trademark owner’s right against the rights of a domain name owner in circumstances where use of the trademark as part of the domain name is truly for the purposes of criticism and the domain name owner in no way seeks to make a commercial use of the trademark or to tarnish it. Nowhere is it expressly anticipated by the Policy that this paragraph may not operate if the domain name at issue is found to be identical or confusingly similar to the Complainant’s trademark.” When considering a domain name used for a criticism website, paragraphs 4(a) and 4(c)(iii) of the Policy have different tests and rationales. Success by a Complainant in relation to paragraph 4(a) does not immediately result in failure by the Respondent in relation to paragraph 4(c)(iii). To hold otherwise would mute paragraph 4(c)(iii). Moreover, contrary to what the Complainant appears to assert in the Complaint, the application or interpretation of paragraph 4(c)(iii) of the Policy should not depend on the geographical location of the complainant or respondent. Prior to the Policy coming into effect, many trademark lawyers did not consider registration or use of a domain name per se to be trademark use. Just as it is not usually regarded as trademark use or infringement to stand outside a businesses’ premises with a sign that says “Baker’s Delight Lies To Franchisees” or to write a book titled “Baker’s Delight Lies”, it is not necessarily contrary to the Policy to register and use a domain name for a legitimate criticism website that includes a trademark as part of the domain name. Paragraph 4(c)(iii) can be satisfied if the website is a genuine “complaints” website, provided that the Respondent is not using the website as a sham to sell the domain name, to put pressure on the Complainant to settle another dispute between them (see for example Asset Loan Co. Pty Ltd v. Gregory Rogers, WIPO Case No. D2006-0300), to advertise goods or services, or to provide links to or advertising for competitors’ websites. It is necessary of course to thoroughly examine the website to assess whether it is truly a genuine “complaints” website. On the homepage of the website, the Complainant’s logo appears with a cross through it. The main heading reads “The truth behind Bakers Delight lies”. It also contains certain statements (the truth or merit of which the Panel is not in a position to judge) clearly intended to be critical of the Complainant, and complaining about certain aspects of Complainant’s conduct including in relation to its franchises. Other pages on the website are called “Media coverage”, “Franchisee stories”, “Research on franchising”, “Current franchisee testimonials”, “Feedback”, “BD [the Complainant] in Parliament”, “BD and the Guru”, “Cobs v Franchised”, “Franchise Churning” and “BD Facts”. These pages (apart from the BD and the Guru page) contain content relating to the Complainant’s franchises or information relating to franchises in Australia generally. (The BD and the Guru page replicates a newspaper article which refers to the Complainant’s involvement with a yoga teacher). In some instances the pages contain direct content (such as personal accounts of people’s experiences with the Complainant, articles, feedback on the website and parliamentary commentary). The Respondent provides his own account of his experience with the Complainant under the “Franchisee Stories” page. In other instances, the pages contain links which direct to publicly available articles, radio interviews, statistics, or other non-commercial sites (such as the Australia Competition and Consumer Commission). The “BD Facts” page contains statements which appear to have been written by the Respondent, but are not necessarily supported by objective evidence. There is no advertising on the website, nor are there any links to commercial websites. The disputed domain name is therefore non-commercial, as is the website. The only content on the website relates directly to the Complainant, or the topic of franchises generally. On one hand, the Respondent’s website does not include an express disclaimer that the Respondent’s website is not associated with the Complainant and the website does feature the Complainant’s trademarks (albeit with a cross through them). This could potentially lead to customer confusion. However, the Respondent’s website does have wording which is strongly critical of the Complainant, and the Panel finds that it would be clear to most users that the Respondent’s website is a third party criticism website, which is not controlled or authorized by the Complainant. So, if any Internet user were to accidentally stumble upon the Respondent’s website while looking for the Complainant’s website, they would most likely immediately realize that they were visiting a completely different site with a different author, due to the content on the Respondent’s website. There is no evidence that the Respondent is promoting the disputed domain name elsewhere, or using it other than in relation to the associated website. In summary, the website does not have any commercial content, and is apparently dedicated to genuine criticism, with relevant non-commercial links. There is nothing before the Panel to establish that the Respondent is making any commercial gain, from visitors or advertising or otherwise, and is apparently not attempting to divert users looking for the Complainant’s site. Accordingly, the Panel finds that all four elements in paragraph 4(c)(iii) have been established, and the Respondent has on the face of it a legitimate interest in respect of the disputed domain name. The Complainant notes in the complaint that the content of the website is causing problems for it, because it is possible that people viewing the site will be discouraged from entering into a franchise with the Complainant. The Complainant also notes that the Respondent is infringing its intellectual property rights. The Panel’s only power is to determine domain name disputes using the criteria specified in the Policy. The issues whether the Complainant is suffering financial loss due to incorrect statements being made by the Respondent, or infringement of intellectual property, is outside the realm of the Panel’s powers. As noted in Legal & General Group Plc, “the goals of the Policy are limited and do not extend to insulating trademark holders from contrary and critical views when such views are legitimately expressed without an intention for commercial gain”. C. Registered and Used in Bad Faith As the Complainant has failed to establish that the Respondent lacks rights or legitimate interests, it is unnecessary to determine whether the Respondent registered or used the disputed domain name in bad faith. 7. Decision For all the foregoing reasons, the Complaint is denied. John Swinson
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